Idivayisi yokuvikela i-Surge (i-SPD) ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ezivame ukunganakwa kunoma iyiphi idivayisi kagesi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvikela izinto zikagesi zasekhaya noma uhlelo lokulawula lwezimboni lwefektri, ukuqonda umsebenzi, isimiso sokusebenza kanye nohlobo oludingekayo lwe-SPD kunganquma ukuthi imishini ingaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle noma ibangele ukulahlekelwa yimishini eyizinkulungwane zamaRandi.
Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa wonke amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo: iyini idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka, isimiso sobuchwepheshe, umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kohlobo 1, uhlobo 2 kanye nohlobo 3 lwe-SPD, kanye nendlela yokukhetha uhlelo lokuvikela ukukhuphuka olufanele lwesimo sakho sohlelo lokusebenza.
Yini i-Surge Protective Device (SPD)?
Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka iyingxenye yokuphepha kagesi eyenzelwe ukuvikela imishini, imigqa, kanye nezinhlelo ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kagesi okwesikhashana - izehlakalo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi noma ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi . Uma kwenzeka ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi, i-SPD ithola amandla kagesi amaningi bese iyingenisa ngokuphephile ohlelweni lokufaka phansi ngaphambi kokuba ifike futhi yonakalise idivayisi exhunyiwe.
Ngokusho kwe- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) , ukudlula kwamandla kagesi okwesikhashana kungenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwemishini kagesi kanye nekagesi emhlabeni jikelele, okwenza idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka ibe utshalomali olubalulekile kunoma iyiphi idivayisi kagesi yesimanje.
Kungani Udinga Idivayisi Evikelayo Yokukhuphuka?
Imvamisa yokwanda kwamandla kagesi ingaphezu kakhulu kwalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo. Imithombo yayo ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: yangaphandle neyangaphakathi.
Imithombo Yangaphandle :
- Ukushaya kombani (ukushaya okuqondile noma ukushaya kombani okuseduze)
- Ukushintsha igridi yokusetshenziswa kokushintsha igridi
- Imicimbi yokucima kukagesi kanye nokuvuselelwa.
Imithombo Yangaphakathi :
- Ukusebenza kokuqala nokuma kwe-HVAC yemoto enkulu kanye nesistimu ye-HVAC
- I-Vaable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
- Imishini yokushisela kanye nemithwalo yezimboni
Ngisho nama-micro-surges aphansi – amancane ngokwanele ukuba abangele i- circuit breaker – azoqongelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, anciphise buthule ukusebenza kwama-semiconductor, ama-capacitor namabhodi esekethe. Ekugcineni kuholela ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuphila kwemishini futhi ngokuvamile akukwazi ukuthola imbangela ecacile yokwehluleka.
Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka ekhethwe kahle ingahlinzeka ngesithiyo esingabonakali kodwa esibalulekile sokuvikela kuzo zonke izinsongo ezingenhla.
Isebenza Kanjani Idivayisi Evikelayo Yokukhuphuka?
Indlela yokusebenza eyinhloko yedivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka kwamandla ukubopha i-voltage . I-SPD iqapha njalo i-voltage yomugqa. Uma i-voltage isidlule umkhawulo wokuphepha osethiwe, idivayisi iqala ngokushesha bese amandla angaphezulu aqondiswa kumqhubi womhlaba ukuze ayigcine kude nomthwalo oxhunyiwe.
Indima ye-Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwedivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka yi-metal oxide Varistor (MOV). Inqubo yayo yokusebenza imi kanje:
Ukusebenza Okuvamile : I-voltage igcinwa ngaphakathi kwebanga eliphephile. I-MOV isesimweni sokumelana okuphezulu futhi ayiphazamisi ukugeleza kwamanje okuvamile.
Ukwanda Okutholiwe : Izehlakalo zesikhashana zokudlula kwamandla kagesi (njengokukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa ukushaya kombani).
Ukucindezela Kuyasebenza : Impedance ye-MOV yehla kakhulu, okunikeza indlela yokukhipha i-impedance ephansi eya ekugcineni komhlabathi ukuze kuqhume ugesi.
Amandla Aguquliwe : I-voltage eyengeziwe ifakwa ngokuphephile ku-electrode yokumisa i-grounding electrode, idlula idivayisi yokuxhuma.
Ukuqhubeka Kokusebenza Okuvamile : Ngemva kokuba ukukhuphuka kunyamalale, i-MOV ibuyisela isimo sokulinda se-high-impedance.
Obunye ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ku-SPD buhlanganisa :
| Ithebula Lobuchwepheshe be-SPD | |
|---|---|
| Ubuchwepheshe | Ikesi elingcono kakhulu lokusebenzisa |
| I-Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) | Inhloso ejwayelekile, engabizi kakhulu |
| I-Tube Yokukhishwa Kwegesi (GDT) | Ukwanda kwamandla aphezulu kagesi |
| I-Silicon Avalanche Diode (SAD) | Ukunemba, i-electronics ephendula ngokushesha |
| Idivayisi Yokuvikela Ukwanda Kwe-Thyristor (TSPD) | Izintambo ze-Telecom kanye nedatha |
Ama-SPD amaningi anamuhla asebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlanganisiwe yobuchwepheshe obungenhla ukuze athuthukise isivinini sokuphendula kanye namakhono okucubungula amandla ngasikhathi sinye.
Uhlobo 1 vs. Uhlobo 2 vs. Uhlobo 3 SPD: Uyini umehluko?
Ngokwezinga le-IEC 61643-11, amadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuya ngendawo yokufaka kanye nohlobo lokukhuphuka okuklanywe futhi okucutshungulwa. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu amadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka kohlobo 1, uhlobo 2 kanye nohlobo 3.
| Ithebula lokuqhathanisa uhlobo 1 vs uhlobo 2 vs uhlobo 3 SPD | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Isici | Thayipha i-1 SPD | Thayipha i-2 SPD | Thayipha i-3 SPD |
| Indawo yokufaka | Indawo yokungena yesevisi enkulu | Ukusatshalaliswa/iphaneli encane | Indawo Yokusebenzisa |
| Ifomu legagasi lokuhlola | 10 / 350μs | 8 / 20μs | Igagasi Elihlanganisiwe (1.2/50 μs – 8/20 μs |
| Umkhawulo wamanje we-impulse | Kufika ku-100kA+ | Ngokuvamile 20-40 kA | 1–10 kA |
| Usongo oluyinhloko lusingathwe | Ukushaya kombani okuqondile | Ukushintshashintsha kokuphakama, umbani osele | I-Voltage Yesikhashana Esele |
| Kuyadingeka kwi-LPS? | Yebo (IEC 62305) | Akuphoqelekile | Cha |
Iyini idivayisi yokuvikela yohlobo lwesithathu?
Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka kohlobo 1 (i-SPD) iyidivayisi exhunywe unomphela, enezintambo eziqinile efakwe ohlangothini lomugqa womnyango wenkonzo eyinhloko (ngaphambi kwe-main breaker) ukuvikela ekukhuphukeni kwangaphandle okunamandla aphezulu njengokushaya kombani oqondile.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zedivayisi Yokuvikela Yohlobo 1 :
- Ifakwe phakathi kwegridi kagesi yomphakathi kanye ne-main ibhodi lokusabalalisa.
- Ingakwazi ukumelana nomfutho wamanje we-impulse wamanje ophezulu kakhulu (ngokuvamile ulinganiselwa ku-100 kA).
- Ngokusho kwe-IEC 62305, izakhiwo ezinesistimu yokuvikela umbani (i-LPS) ezifakiwe kumele zibe ne-Type 1 SPD.
- Yakha umugqa wokuqala noqine kakhulu wokuvikela ukukhuphuka.
- Vikela imishini engaphansi futhi wakhe izintambo zangaphakathi.
Iyini idivayisi yokuvikela yohlobo lwesithathu?
Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka kohlobo lwesibili (i-SPD) iyisakhi, esivame ukuba yi-modular, esifakwe ohlangothini lomthwalo lwamaphaneli amakhulu enkonzo kagesi noma amaphaneli amancane ukuvikela ama-elekthronikhi abucayi ekukhuphukeni kwangaphakathi okubangelwa ukusebenza kokushintsha (isb., ukujikeleza kwama-motor/imishini) noma ukukhuphuka kwangaphandle okusele.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zedivayisi Yokuvikela Yohlobo Lwesithathu :
- Faka kuphaneli yokusabalalisa eyinhloko noma kuphaneli yokusabalalisa encane.
- Bhekana nokwanda okusele kanye ne-voltage yangaphakathi yesikhashana.
- Luhlobo lwe-SPD olusetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni zokuhlala nezentengiselwano.
- Uma kungekho uhlobo 1 lwe-SPD, luvame ukusetshenziswa njengokuphela kwengqimba yokuvikela.
Iyini idivayisi yokuvikela yohlobo lwesithathu?
Idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka kohlobo lwesithathu iyindlela yokugcina yokuzivikela ohlelweni lokuvikela ukukhuphuka komoya. Ifakwa endaweni yokusetshenziswa, okungukuthi, eduze ngqo kwemishini ebucayi edinga ukuvikelwa, njengezindawo zokusebenza zamakhompyutha, amakhabethe eseva, izinto zasendlini, imishini yezokwelapha noma izinto zokunemba.
Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukususa i-voltage encane yesikhashana ngemva kokuncipha kwamadivayisi ohlobo 1 nohlobo 2 angenhla, nokulawula i-voltage egcina ifinyelele echwebeni ledivayisi ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuphephile idivayisi engabumelana nabo.
Izici Eziyinhloko Zedivayisi Yokuvikela Yohlobo Lwesithathu :
- Faka endaweni yokugcina amandla, eduze kwemishini evikelwe.
- Umthamo wokukhipha ojwayelekile uvame ukuba phansi, kusukela ku-1 kuya ku-10 kA.
- Kumelwe isetshenziswe kanye ne-topstream type 1 noma i-type 2 SPD, futhi ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzivikela kuphela ezimele.
Kufanele ifakwe kuphi idivayisi yokuvikela i-Surge?
Ukuze kufezwe ukuvikelwa okuphelele kokukhuphuka, ithimba laseTomzn lincoma isu lokuvikela elihlanganisiwe elinamazinga amaningi:
- Izinga 1 - Ukungena Kwesevisi Yokungena: Uhlobo 1 lwe-SPD luvimba ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwangaphandle ngaphambi kokuba lungene esakhiweni.
- Izinga 2 - Iphaneli Yokusabalalisa: Uhlobo lwesibili lwe-SPD lunciphisa ukukhuphuka okusele kanye ne-voltage yangaphakathi yesikhashana.
- Izinga 3 - Indawo Yokusebenzisa Amandla: Uhlobo lwe-3 SPD (i-plug-in surge protector noma i-socket surge protector) luhlinzeka ngomugqa wokugcina wokuzivikela emishinini ebucayi yama-terminal njengamakhompyutha, amathelevishini, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha.
- Izinga Lokuvikela Ngalinye Linciphisa Amandla Okukhuphuka Ngokushintshana: Leli cebo ngezinye izikhathi libizwa ngokuthi ukuvikelwa kokuqhuma okucashile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe liphakeme kangakanani, idivayisi eyodwa ayikwazi ukunikeza ukuvikelwa okuphelele.
Ungayikhetha Kanjani Idivayisi Efanele Yokuvikela Ukwanda?
Ekukhetheni noma ekuthengeni i-SPD, sicela ugxile kulezi zinhlaka ezilandelayo:
- Uhlobo lwe-SPD: Nquma ukuthi idivayisi yokuhlanganisa yohlobo 1, uhlobo 2 noma uhlobo 1 + 2 iyadingeka yini ngokuya ngesimo sokufakwa.
- Isilinganiso Sokuvikelwa Kwe-Voltage (Phezulu/i-VPR): I-voltage ephezulu ye-SPD terminal ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka. Uma inani liphansi, kungcono. Kuhlelo lwe-230V, i-Up ≤ 1.5kV iyinani elifanele.
- Ukukhishwa kwegama okuzenzakalelayo (Ku): I-SPD ingamelana nezinga lamanje ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukusebenza.
- I-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ephezulu (Uc): Kumelwe ilingane noma ibe nkulu kune-voltage yokunikezwa kwesistimu.
- Ukuvumelana Okujwayelekile: Njalo qinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi isiphumelele yini isitifiketi esijwayelekile esifanele esifundeni.
Ungayifaka Kanjani Idivayisi Evikelayo Yokukhuphuka Ngokuphepha?
Ukufakwa kahle kwamadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka kubaluleke njengokukhetha umkhiqizo ofanele. I-SPD efakwe ngendlela engafanele ingase ingagcini nje ngokwehluleka ukuvikela imishini yakho, kodwa futhi ibeke nengozi yokuphepha. Sicela ulandele lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ukuze ufake ngokuphephile nangokuphumelelayo.
Vala ugesi oyinhloko
Ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukusebenza, i-circuit breaker eyinhloko iqala inqanyulwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-switchboard icinyiwe ngokuphelele. Ungafaki i-SPD ohlelweni lukagesi olubukhoma. Ngemva kokusebenzisa i-stylus engaxhumani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayikho i-voltage, qhubeka nomsebenzi wokulandelela.
Gqoka imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu edingekayo (i-PPE)
Amagilavu okuvikela kanye nezibuko zokuzivikela kumele kugqokwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngisho nangemva kokuba i-circuit breaker eyinhloko ivaliwe, ezinye izingxenye zingase zibe namandla asele. Ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela eziyisisekelo kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ingozi yokushaqeka kukagesi noma i-arc flashover.
Khetha indawo efanele yokufaka
Faka i-SPD eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nephaneli yokusabalalisa eyinhloko noma imishini evikelwe. Uma umugqa ophakathi kwe-SPD ne-switchboard umfushane, umkhawulo womugqa uba mncane, futhi ukusebenza kokuvikela kwemishini kuba ngcono.
Xhuma umugqa ngendlela efanele
Sebenzisa ngokuhambisana nomdwebo wocingo onikezwe umenzi, bese usebenzisa ucingo oluhlangabezana nezimfuneko ukuze uxhume kahle intambo ye-SPD kuma-terminal afanele: intambo ephilayo(L), intambo engathathi hlangothi(N) kanye nentambo yomhlabathi. Intambo kufanele ibe mfushane futhi iqonde ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kunconywa ukuthi ingadluli amamitha angu-0.5 ukuze unciphise ukwehla kwamandla kagesi lapho kwenzeka ukukhuphuka. Gwema ukugoba okubukhali noma ukugoba kwentambo.
Lungisa imishini bese uvala i-switchboard
Ngemva kokuqeda konke ukuxhuma izintambo, igobolondo le-SPD lifakwa ngokuqinile ebhodini lokushintsha noma endaweni yokulifaka. Hlola ukuthi zonke iziphetho ziqinile yini, vala ipuleti lokumboza lephaneli yokusabalalisa ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuthi lilungile, bese ubuyisela ugesi.
Buyisela ukunikezwa kwamandla bese uqinisekisa isimo sokusebenza
Vala i-circuit breaker eyinhloko bese uhlola inkomba yesimo se-SPD. Iningi lama-surge protectors anamuhla afakwe izibani ze-LED noma izibonisi zesimo sesitayela sefasitela ukuze kutholakale ngokubonakalayo ukuthi idivayisi isebenza kahle yini. Ukukhanya kwenkomba kuluhlaza okotshani, ngokuvamile okubonisa ukuthi i-SPD isesimweni esijwayelekile sokusebenza futhi inganikeza isivikelo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Uma ungabaza, sicela uxhumane nonjiniyela kagesi oqinisekisiwe
Nakuba ukusebenza kokufakwa kwamanye ama-SPD kulula kakhulu, kunengozi enkulu ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi kwe-switchboard. Uma ungaqiniseki ngolwazi lwakho lobuchwepheshe kagesi, sicela uqiniseke ukuthi uphathisa unjiniyela kagesi oqinisekisiwe ofanelekayo ukuthi afake. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-SPD ohlobo 1 afakwe kugesi oyinhloko. Ukufakwa okunjalo kumele kuhambisane nemininingwane kagesi yendawo, njenge-NEC (National Electrical Code) e-United States.
Amathiphu okuphepha: Sicela uqiniseke ukuthi ufunda incwadi yokufaka enikezwe umenzi we-SPD ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokufaka, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yokufaka ihambisana nazo zonke izincazelo nezindinganiso zikagesi zendawo ezisebenzayo, njenge-IEC 61643-11 noma i-UL 1449.
Umcabango Wokugcina Ngedivayisi Evikelayo Yokukhuphuka
Enkathini yamadivayisi kagesi azwela ugesi, izinhlelo ezixhunyiwe kanye nokushintshashintsha kwekhwalithi yamandla, amadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka ayisasetshenziswa. Kusukela ekuvikeleni izinto zasendlini kuya ekuvikeleni izinhlelo zezimboni ezizenzakalelayo ezibiza izigidi zamaRandi, ukukhetha okunengqondo kwama-SPD kungaletha isiqinisekiso kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho zesikhathi eside.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho idinga ukufaka idivayisi yokuvikela i-surge yohlobo 1 ekugcineni okuzayo, idivayisi yokuvikela i-surge yohlobo 2 ebhodini lokushintsha, noma ukusebenzisa isu eliphelele lokuvikela i-surge elihlanganisiwe elinamazinga amaningi, kungenye yezindlela zokutshala imali ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ongayenza emkhakheni wokuphepha kukagesi ukukhetha idivayisi ephumelela isitifiketi futhi enemingcele elinganisiwe efanele.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela ufunde izihloko zethu ezihlobene:
Vikela Isistimu Yakho ye-HVAC ngedivayisi yokuvikela i-AC Surge
Idivayisi Yokuvikela I-PV Surge - Konke Okufanele Ukwazi
Ingabe amadivayisi okuvikela ama-surge angavikela ngokuphelele ekushayweni kombani oqondile?
Noma iyiphi i-SPD ayikwazi ukunikeza isivikelo esingu-100% ekushayweni kombani okuqondile. Kodwa-ke, idivayisi yokuvikela ukuqhuma kohlobo 1 - ehlanganiswe neSistimu Yokuvikela Umbani ephelele (i-LPS) ehambisana ne-IEC 62305 - ngokukhetha okulinganiselwe kwedivayisi yokuvikela ukuqhuma kohlobo I kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yomonakalo wemishini kanye nomlilo.
Impilo yesevisi ye-SPD ingakanani?
Isehlakalo ngasinye sokukhuphuka kwejubane sizobangela ukulahlekelwa okuthile kwengxenye ye-MOV ngaphakathi kwedivayisi. Ama-SPD amaningi asezingeni eliphezulu afakwe isibani sesibonakaliso sesimo noma ifasitela lokubuka, elizophenduka libe bomvu noma lihluleke uma idivayisi idinga ukushintshwa. Isikhathi senkonzo esilindelekile ngokuvamile siyiminyaka emi-5 kuya kweyi-10, kuye ngokuthi kwenzeka kangaki kanye namandla okukhuphuka kwejubane.
Ingabe idivayisi yokuvikela ukukhuphuka kanye ne-SPD uhlobo olufanayo lomkhiqizo?
Akufani ncamashi. Idivayisi yokuvikela i-plug-in surge ingeye-type III SPD Type 3 SPD, ehlinzeka kuphela ngokuvikelwa kwendawo yamandla. Ayikwazi ukuthatha indawo yedivayisi yokuvikela i-surge yohlobo I noma uhlobo II enezintambo eziqinile efakwe ebhodini lokushintsha. Umphumela wokuvikela oqine kakhulu ungatholakala ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvikela olunezingqimba ezintathu.
Ingabe amadivayisi okushaja amandla elanga kanye nezimoto zikagesi adinga i-SPD?
Yebo. Izinhlelo ze-Photovoltaic (PV) kanye nemishini yokushaja izimoto zikagesi (EV) zizwela kakhulu emonakalweni wokuqhuma kwegesi. I-IEC 61643-32 ihlinzeka ngokukhethekile ngokukhethwa kwe-SPD kwezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic. Uma ukhetha ukuvikelwa kokuqhuma kwegesi kwamadivayisi wamandla avuselelekayo, sicela uqiniseke ukuthi uthintana nonjiniyela kagesi oqinisekisiwe.
