Isixhobo sokukhusela i-Surge (SPD) sesinye sezona zinto zibalulekileyo kodwa ezihlala zingahoywayo kuso nasiphi na isixhobo sombane. Nokuba ukhusela izixhobo zombane ezikrelekrele zasekhaya okanye inkqubo yolawulo lwemizi-mveliso yefektri, ukuqonda umsebenzi, umgaqo wokusebenza kunye nohlobo olufunekayo lwe-SPD kunokugqiba ukuba isixhobo sinokuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo okanye sibangele ukulahleka kwezixhobo ezingamawaka eedola.
Esi sikhokelo sigubungela zonke iingongoma ezibalulekileyo: yintoni isixhobo sokukhusela ukugquma, umgaqo wobugcisa, umahluko ophambili phakathi kohlobo 1, uhlobo 2 kunye nohlobo 3 lwe-SPD, kunye nendlela yokukhetha iskimu esifanelekileyo sokukhusela ukugquma kwimeko yesicelo sakho.
Yintoni isiXhobo soKhuseleko seSurge (SPD)?
Isixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza ngamandla sisixhobo sokhuseleko sombane esenzelwe ukukhusela izixhobo, imigca, kunye neenkqubo kwii-overvoltages zexesha elifutshane - iziganeko ezibizwa ngokuba kukuvuza kwamandla okanye ukuvuza kwamandla . Xa kuvela ukuvuza ngamandla, i-SPD ibona amandla aphezulu kwaye iyingenise ngokukhuselekileyo kwinkqubo yokumisa umhlaba ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele kwaye yonakalise isixhobo esiqhagamshelweyo.
Ngokutsho kweKhomishini ye-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) , i-transient overvoltage yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki nezombane kwihlabathi liphela, nto leyo eyenza isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge sibe lutyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kuso nasiphi na isixhobo sombane sanamhlanje.
Kutheni Kufuneka Isixhobo Esikhuselayo Sokugquma?
Ukwanda kombane ogqithisileyo kungaphezulu kakhulu kunokuqonda kwabantu abaninzi. Imithombo yayo yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: yangaphandle nangaphakathi.
Imithombo Yangaphandle :
- Ukubetha kombane (ukubetha ngqo okanye ukubetha kombane kufutshane)
- Utshintsho lwegridi olusetyenziswayo
- Iziganeko zokucima umbane kunye nokulungiswa.
Imithombo Yangaphakathi :
- Ukusebenza kokuqala nokumisa kwemoto enkulu kunye nenkqubo ye-HVAC HVAC
- Iidrive Frequency Drives (VFDs)
- Izixhobo zokuwelda kunye nemithwalo yemizi-mveliso
Kwanee-micro-surges eziphantsi kwe-amplitude – ezincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibangele i- circuit breaker – ziya kuqokelelana ngokuhamba kwexesha, zinciphise ukusebenza kwee-semiconductors, ii-capacitors kunye neebhodi zesekethe ngokuzolileyo. Ekugqibeleni oku kukhokelela ekupheleni kobomi besixhobo kwaye kuhlala kungenakukwazi ukufumana unobangela ocacileyo wokusilela.
Isixhobo sokukhusela ukutyibilika esikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo sinokubonelela ngomqobo ongabonakaliyo kodwa obalulekileyo wokukhusela kuzo zonke ezi ngozi zingasentla.
Isebenza njani i-Surge Protective Device?
Indlela yokusebenza ephambili yesixhobo sokukhusela ukuvuza kukubambelela kwi-voltage . I-SPD ijonga rhoqo i-line voltage. Nje ukuba i-voltage idlule umda wokhuseleko omiselweyo, isixhobo siqala ngoko nangoko kwaye amandla agqithisileyo athunyelwa kwi-grounding conductor ukuze ayigcine kude nomthwalo oqhagamshelweyo.
Indima yeMetal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
Itekhnoloji esetyenziswa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesixhobo sokukhusela i-surge yi-metal oxide Varistor (MOV). Inkqubo yayo yokusebenza yile ilandelayo:
Ukusebenza Okuqhelekileyo : I-voltage igcinwa ngaphakathi koluhlu olukhuselekileyo. I-MOV ikwimeko ye-impedance ephezulu kwaye ayiphazamisi ukuhamba kombane okuqhelekileyo.
Ukugqabhuka Okufunyenweyo : Iziganeko ze-overvoltage ezidlulayo (ezifana nokugqabhuka kwe-voltage okubangelwa kukubetha kombane).
I-Clamping iyasebenza : I-MOV impedance iyehla kakhulu, inika indlela yokukhupha i-impedance ephantsi ukuya ekupheleni komhlaba ukuze kubekho umsinga womoya ohambayo.
Amandla Aguquliweyo : I-voltage engaphezulu ifakwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-electrode yokumisa umhlaba, idlula isixhobo sokudibanisa.
Ukuqalisa Komsebenzi Oqhelekileyo : Emva kokuba ukuxinana kuphelile, i-MOV ibuyisela imeko yokulinda ye-high-impedance.
Ezinye iitekhnoloji ezisetyenziswa kwi-SPD ziquka :
| Itheyibhile yeeTekhnoloji ze-SPD | |
|---|---|
| Technology | Eyona meko yokusetyenziswa |
| I-Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) | Isebenza ngokubanzi, ingabizi kakhulu |
| I-Tube Discharge Tube (GDT) | Ukunyuka kwamandla aphezulu, amandla aphezulu |
| I-Silicon Avalanche Diode (SAD) | Izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezichanekileyo neziphendula ngokukhawuleza |
| Isixhobo sokukhusela i-Thyristor Surge (TSPD) | I-Telecom kunye needatha |
Ii-SPD ezininzi zanamhlanje zisebenzisa indibaniselwano exutyiweyo yezobuchwepheshe ezingentla ukuze ngaxeshanye ziphucule isantya sempendulo kunye nokukwazi ukucubungula amandla.
Uhlobo 1 vs. Uhlobo 2 vs. Uhlobo 3 SPD: Yintoni umahluko?
Ngokwemigangatho ye-IEC 61643-11, izixhobo zokukhusela ukuxhuzula zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokwendawo ezifakelwe kuyo kunye nohlobo lokuxhuzula oluyilwe nolucutshungulwayo. Umahluko obalulekileyo zizixhobo zokukhusela ukuxhuzula zohlobo 1, uhlobo 2 kunye nohlobo 3.
| Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa uhlobo 1 vs uhlobo 2 vs uhlobo 3 SPD | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| uphawu | Uhlobo lwe-1 SPD | Uhlobo lwe-2 SPD | Uhlobo lwe-3 SPD |
| Indawo yokufakela | Umnyango wenkonzo engundoqo | Ukusasazwa/iphaneli engaphantsi | Indawo yokuSebenzisa |
| Vavanya ifomathi | 10 / 350μs | 8 / 20μs | Amaza adibeneyo (1.2/50 μs – 8/20 μs |
| Umsinga omkhulu we-impulse | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100kA+ | Ngokwesiqhelo yi-20-40 kA | 1-10 kA |
| Isongelo esiphambili siphathwe | Ukubetha kombane ngokuthe ngqo | Ukutshintshana kwamaza, umbane oshiyekileyo | I-Voltage yeXeshana eseleyo |
| Iyimfuneko kwi-LPS? | Ewe (IEC 62305) | Akunyanzelekanga | Hayi |
Yintoni i-Type 1 Surge Protective Device?
Isixhobo sokukhusela i-Type 1 surge (SPD) sisixhobo esiqhagamshelwe ngokusisigxina, esineentambo eziqinileyo esifakwe kwicala lomgca lomnyango wenkonzo ephambili (ngaphambi kwe-main breaker) ukukhusela kwi-high energy, external surges ezifana nombane othe ngqo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zesixhobo sokukhusela i-Type 1 Surge :
- Ifakwe phakathi kwegridi yombane kawonke-wonke kunye nombane ophambili ibhodi yokuhambisa.
- Iyakwazi ukumelana nomsinga ophezulu kakhulu we-impulse current (ngesiqhelo ifikelela kwi-100 kA).
- Ngokutsho kwe-IEC 62305, izakhiwo ezinenkqubo yokukhusela umbane (LPS) ezifakelweyo kufuneka zixhotyiswe nge-Type 1 SPD.
- Yenza umgca wokuqala nowomeleleyo wokukhusela ukugquma.
- Khusela izixhobo ezingaphantsi kwaye wakhe iingcingo zangaphakathi.
Yintoni i-Type 2 Surge Protective Device?
Isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge yohlobo lwesibini (i-SPD) yinxalenye, edla ngokuba yimodular, efakwe kwicala lomthwalo weepaneli eziphambili zenkonzo yombane okanye iipaneli ezincinci ukukhusela i-elektroniki ebuthathaka kwi-surges zangaphakathi ezibangelwa kukutshintshana kwemisebenzi (umz., iimoto/izixhobo ezijikelezayo) okanye i-surges zangaphandle eziseleyo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zesixhobo sokukhusela i-Type 2 Surge :
- Faka kwiphaneli ephambili yokusasaza okanye kwiphaneli yokusasaza encinci.
- Jongana nokunyuka okushiyekileyo kunye ne-voltage yangaphakathi yesikhashana.
- Lolona hlobo lwe-SPD olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo zokuhlala nezorhwebo.
- Xa kungekho uhlobo lwe-1 SPD, lusetyenziswa njengomaleko wokukhusela kuphela.
Yintoni i-Type 3 Surge Protective Device?
Isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge yohlobo lwesithathu sisixhobo sokugqibela sokukhusela kwinkqubo yokukhusela i-surge. Sifakelwa kwindawo yokusetyenziswa, oko kukuthi, kufutshane ngqo nezixhobo ezibuthathaka ezifuna ukhuseleko, ezifana neendawo zokusebenza zekhompyutha, iikhabhathi zeseva, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zonyango okanye izixhobo ezichanekileyo.
Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukususa i-voltage encinci yesikhashana emva kokuncipha kwezixhobo zohlobo 1 kunye nohlobo 2, kunye nokulawula i-voltage ekugqibeleni efikelela kwizibuko lesixhobo ngaphakathi koluhlu olukhuselekileyo olunokumelana nesixhobo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zesixhobo sokukhusela i-Type 3 Surge :
- Faka kwisiphelo sendawo yombane, ecaleni kwesixhobo esikhuselekileyo.
- Umbane okhutshwayo oqhelekileyo uhlala uphantsi, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10 kA.
- Kufuneka isetyenziswe kunye ne-upstream type 1 okanye i-type 2 SPD, kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa njengeyona ndlela yokuzikhusela ezimeleyo.
Isixhobo sokukhusela i-Surge sifanele sifakwe phi?
Ukuze kufezekiswe ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lokuqubha, iqela laseTomzn licebisa icebo lokukhusela elidibeneyo elinamanqanaba amaninzi:
- Inqanaba 1 - Umnyango Wenkonzo Yokungena: Uhlobo 1 lwe-SPD luthintela ukungqubana okukhulu kwangaphandle ngaphambi kokuba bangene kwisakhiwo.
- Inqanaba lesi-2 - Iphaneli yoSasazo: Uhlobo lwe-2 SPD lunciphisa ukunyuka okushiyekileyo kunye ne-voltage yangaphakathi yesikhashana.
- Inqanaba lesi-3 - Indawo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla: Uhlobo lwe-3 SPD (i-plug-in surge protector okanye i-socket surge protector) lubonelela ngomgca wokugqibela wokhuselo kwizixhobo ezibuthathaka ezifana neekhompyutha, oomabonakude, kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
- Inqanaba ngalinye loKhuseleko linciphisa amandla okunyuka ngokujika: Eli cebo ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba lukhuselo lwe-cascaded surge. Nokuba ixabiso elilinganisiweyo liphezulu kangakanani na, isixhobo esinye asinakubonelela ngokhuseleko olupheleleyo.
Ungayikhetha njani isixhobo esifanelekileyo sokukhusela ukukhukhumala?
Xa ukhetha okanye uthenga i-SPD, nceda ugxile kwezi parameter zilandelayo:
- Uhlobo lwe-SPD: Qinisekisa ukuba isixhobo esidibeneyo sohlobo 1, uhlobo 2 okanye uhlobo 1 + 2 siyafuneka na ngokwendawo yokufakela.
- Uvavanyo loKhuseleko lweVolthi (Phezulu/VPR): I-voltage ephezulu ye-SPD terminal ngexesha lokushushuba. Okukhona ixabiso liphantsi, kokukhona kungcono. Kwinkqubo ye-230V, i-Up ≤ 1.5kV lixabiso elifanelekileyo.
- Ukukhutshwa ngegama ngoku (ngoku): I-SPD inokumelana nenqanaba langoku ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukusebenza.
- Umbane osebenzayo oqhubekayo ophezulu (Uc): Kufuneka ilingane okanye ibe nkulu kunevolthi yonikezelo lwenkqubo.
- Ukuhambelana ngokusemgangathweni: Soloko uqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo siphumelele na isiqinisekiso esisemgangathweni esifanelekileyo kuloo mmandla.
Ungayifaka njani i-Surge Protective Device ngokukhuselekileyo?
Ukufakwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokukhusela ukuvuza kubaluleke kakhulu njengokukhetha imveliso efanelekileyo. I-SPD efakwe ngendlela engafanelekanga isenokungakhuseli nje kuphela izixhobo zakho, kodwa ikwabeka nomngcipheko wokhuseleko. Nceda ulandele la manyathelo alandelayo ukuze ufakelo lukhuselekile kwaye lusebenze kakuhle.
Vala umbane oyintloko
Ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze, i-circuit breaker ephambili iqala iqhagamshelwe ngaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-switchboard icinyiwe ngokupheleleyo. Musa ukufaka i-SPD kwinkqubo yombane esebenzayo. Emva kokusebenzisa i-stylus engaqhagamshelaniyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mbane, qhubeka nomsebenzi wokulandelela.
Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela eziyimfuneko (i-PPE)
Iiglavu zokukhusela kunye neeglasi zokukhusela kufuneka zinxitywe ngexesha lokufakwa. Nokuba sele ivaliwe i-circuit breaker, ezinye izinto zisenokuba namandla aseleyo. Ukuthatha amanyathelo okhuseleko olusisiseko kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokutshayiswa ngumbane okanye ukutshayiswa yi-arc flashover.
Khetha indawo echanekileyo yokufakela
Faka i-SPD kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka nephaneli ephambili yokusasaza okanye izixhobo ezikhuselweyo. Okukhona intambo imfutshane phakathi kwe-SPD kunye ne-switchboard, kokukhona i-line impedance incinci, kwaye kokukhona ukusebenza kokhuseleko kwezixhobo kungcono.
Qhagamshela umgca ngokuchanekileyo
Sebenzisa ngokuhambelana ngqo nomzobo wocingo olubonelelwe ngumvelisi, kwaye sebenzisa ucingo oluhlangabezana neemfuno ukuze uqhagamshele ngokuchanekileyo intambo ye-SPD kwiiterminals ezifanelekileyo: intambo ephilayo (L), intambo engathathi cala (N) kunye nentambo yomhlaba. Intambo kufuneka ibe mfutshane kwaye ithe tye kangangoko kwaye kuyacetyiswa ukuba ingadluli kwi-0.5 yeemitha ukunciphisa ukwehla kwevolthi xa kuvela ukunyuka. Kuphephe ukugoba okubukhali okanye ukujija kwentambo.
Lungisa izixhobo uze uvale i-switchboard
Emva kokugqiba zonke iintambo, igobolondo le-SPD lifakwa ngokuqinileyo kwi-switchboard okanye kumphezulu wokufakelwa. Jonga ukuba zonke ii-terminals ziqinile na, vala ipleyiti yokugubungela yephaneli yokuhambisa emva kokuqinisekisa ukuba ichanekile, uze ubuyisele umbane.
Buyisela umbane kwaye uqinisekise imeko yokusebenza
Vala i-circuit breaker ephambili uze ujonge isalathisi sesimo se-SPD. Uninzi lwezixhobo zokukhusela i-surge zanamhlanje zixhotyiswe ngezibane ze-LED okanye izibonisi zesimo sefestile ukuze zibone ngokubonakalayo ukuba isixhobo sisebenza kakuhle na. Isibane sesalathisi siluhlaza, ngokuqhelekileyo sibonisa ukuba i-SPD ikwimeko yokusebenza eqhelekileyo kwaye inokubonelela ngokhuseleko nangaliphi na ixesha.
Ukuba unamathandabuzo, nceda uqhagamshelane nonjineli wombane oqinisekisiweyo
Nangona ukusebenza kokufakelwa kwezinye ii-SPD kulula, kukho umngcipheko omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi kwebhodi yokutshintsha. Ukuba awuqinisekanga ngolwazi lwakho lobuchwephesha bombane, nceda uqiniseke ukuba unika injineli yombane eqinisekisiweyo efanelekileyo ukuba ifake. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwii-SPD zohlobo 1 ezifakwe kumbane oyintloko. Olu fakelo kufuneka luhambelane nemigaqo yombane yasekuhlaleni, njenge-NEC (National Electrical Code) eMelika.
Iingcebiso zokhuseleko: Nceda uqiniseke ukuba uyayifunda ngononophelo incwadi yemiyalelo yokufaka enikwe ngumvelisi we-SPD ngaphambi kokuba uyifake, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba inkqubo yokufaka iyahambelana nazo zonke iinkcukacha zombane zasekuhlaleni ezifanelekileyo kunye nemigangatho, efana ne-IEC 61643-11 okanye i-UL 1449.
Ingcinga Yokugqibela malunga neSixhobo soKhuselo lweSurge
Kwixesha lezixhobo ze-elektroniki ezibuthathaka kumbane, iinkqubo ezidibeneyo kunye nokuguquguquka komgangatho wamandla, izixhobo zokukhusela ukusasazeka kwamandla azisasetyenziswa. Ukusuka ekukhuseleni izixhobo zasekhaya ukuya ekukhuseleni iinkqubo ze-automation zoshishino ezixabisa izigidi zeerandi, ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwee-SPD lunokuzisa isiqinisekiso kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho zexesha elide.
Nokuba iprojekthi yakho kufuneka ifake isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge yohlobo loku-1 kwicala elizayo, isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge yohlobo lwesibini kwi-switchboard, okanye isebenzise icebo elipheleleyo lokukhusela i-surge elidibeneyo elinamanqanaba amaninzi, lolunye lolona tyalo-mali lukrelekrele onokulwenza kwicandelo lokhuseleko lombane ukukhetha isixhobo esiphumeleleyo kwisatifikethi kwaye sineeparameter ezichanekileyo.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya, nceda ufunde amanqaku ethu anxulumene noko:
Khusela iNkqubo Yakho yeHVAC ngesiXhobo soKhuseleko lwe-AC Surge
Isixhobo soKhuseleko lwe-PV Surge-Yonke into omele uyazi
Ngaba izixhobo zokukhusela ezisebenzisa amandla aphezulu zingakhusela ngokupheleleyo ekubetheni umbane ngokuthe ngqo?
Nasiphi na i-SPD ayinakubonelela ngokhuseleko olupheleleyo kwi-100% ekubetheni umbane ngokuthe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, isixhobo sokukhusela i-Type 1 surge - kunye neNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweMbane epheleleyo (LPS) ehambelana ne-IEC 62305 - ngokukhetha okuchanekileyo kwesixhobo sokukhusela i-Type I surge sinokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko womonakalo wezixhobo kunye nomlilo.
Ixesha elingakanani ixesha lenkonzo ye-SPD?
Isiganeko ngasinye sokunyuka kwesantya siya kubangela ukulahleka okuthile kwinxalenye ye-MOV ngaphakathi kwesixhobo. Uninzi lwee-SPD ezikumgangatho ophezulu zixhotyiswe ngokukhanya kwesalathisi sesimo okanye ifestile yokujonga, eya kuba bomvu okanye ingasebenzi xa isixhobo kufuneka sitshintshwe. Ubomi benkonzo obulindelekileyo buhlala buyiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10, kuxhomekeke kubuninzi kunye namandla okunyuka kwesantya.
Ngaba isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge kunye ne-SPD luhlobo olufanayo lwemveliso?
Ayifani ncam. Isixhobo sokukhusela i-plug-in surge sise-type III SPD Type 3 SPD, esibonelela kuphela ngokhuseleko lwendawo yamandla. Asinakuthatha indawo yesixhobo sokukhusela i-surge esineentambo eziqinileyo sohlobo I okanye isixhobo sokukhusela i-surge sohlobo II esifakwe kwi-switchboard. Isiphumo sokukhusela esomeleleyo sinokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa iskimu sokukhusela esinee-layered layers ezintathu.
Ngaba izixhobo zokutshaja amandla elanga kunye nezixhobo zombane zezithuthi zifuna i-SPD?
Ewe. Iinkqubo ze-Photovoltaic (PV) kunye nezixhobo zokutshaja zezithuthi zombane (EV) zinobuthathaka kakhulu kumonakalo obangelwa kukugqobhoza kombane. I-IEC 61643-32 ibonelela ngokukodwa ngokukhethwa kwe-SPD kweenkqubo ze-photovoltaic. Xa ukhetha ukhuseleko lokugqobhoza kombane kwizixhobo zamandla ahlaziyekayo, nceda uqiniseke ukuba uqhagamshelana nonjineli wombane oqinisekisiweyo.
